Which principle obligates researchers to avoid causing harm to participants?

• A. Justice
• B. Beneficence
• C. Informed Consent
• D. Respect for Persons

Answer: (B)

Beneficence is the principle that researchers should act to benefit participants and reduce harm. In practice, this means designing studies to maximize potential benefits—such as advancing knowledge or improving health—while actively minimizing risks, discomfort, or harm to those involved. This protective obligation to prevent harm and promote well-being is central to ethical research conduct.

Informed consent is about respecting participants' autonomy by giving them enough information to decide whether to participate. Respect for persons likewise centers on honoring autonomy and protecting those with diminished autonomy. Justice focuses on fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of research. While these principles guide ethical practice, the explicit duty to avoid harm and promote well-being points to beneficence as the best fit.